18 November 2024

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A Review on Biomaterials in Dental Implantology

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Implants have been gaining popularity amongst the patients and frequently are being considered as a first treatment option. Modern dentistry is beginning to understand, realize, and utilize the benefits of biotechnology in health care. Study of material sciences along with the biomechanical sciences provides optimization of design and material concepts for surgical implants. Biocompatibility is property of implant material to show favorable response in given biological environment. In attempt to replace a missing tooth many biomaterials have been evolved as implants for many years in an effort to create an optimal interaction between the body and the implanted material. With all the advancements and developments in the science and technology, the materials available for dental implants also improved. The choice of material for a particular implant application will generally be a compromise to meet many different required properties. There is, however, one aspect that is always of prime importance that how the tissue at the implant site responds to the biochemical disturbance that a foreign material presents.

The development and modification of dental implants have taken place for many years in an effort to create an optimal interaction between the body and the implanted material. The goal of achieving an optimal bone-implant interface has been approached by the alteration of implant surface topography, chemistry, energy and charge as well as bulk material composition. Schmidt et al. (2001) defines an ideal bone implant material as having a biocompatible chemical composition to avoid adverse tissue reaction, excellent corrosion resistance in the physiologic limits, acceptable strength, a high resistance to wear and a modulus of elasticity similar to that of bone to minimize bone resorption around the implant.

The choice of material for a particular implant application will generally be a compromise to meet many different required properties. There is, however, one aspect that is always of prime importance that how the tissue at the implant site responds to the biochemical disturbance that a foreign material presents. Dr. Jonathan Black suggested that the term “biologic performance” is more appropriate than biocompatibility to represent the various interactions between host and the material.

Biocompatibility is dependent on the basic bulk and surface properties of the biomaterial. All aspects of basic manufacturing, finishing, packaging and delivering, sterilizing, and placing (including surgical) must be adequately controlled to ensure clean and non traumatizing conditions.

Authors: Hariprasad Ananth, Vinaya Kundapur, H S Mohammed, M Anand, G S Amarnath, Sunil Mankar

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/